Medieval communes in the European Middle Ages had sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms) |
After early beginnings in cities such as Pisa and Genoa, virtually every episcopal city in the north formed a communal government prior to 1140. |
Cities such as Venice, Milan, Genoa, Florence, Siena, Pisa, Bologna among others, rose to great political power, becoming major financial and trading centers. Early Middle Ages (8th to 9th... · The Holy Roman Empire |
The chapter explores the legal and political foundations of the early Italian communes, especially the close, but problematic, ties between cities as the seats ... |
entrepreneurial drives is at the heart of late medieval Italian communal history. The prime activity of Italian communes from the twelfth century on seems ... |
15 окт. 2024 г. · The communes of Flanders were second only to the Italian communes in size and industrial and commercial organization; at times political ... |
These states, also known as Communes, gained the rights and liberties that marked their independence between the late eleventh and the thirteenth century, and ... |
31 окт. 2023 г. · Communal Italy' is historians' shorthand for the highly urbanized areas of Lombardy and Tuscany between the twelfth and the early fourteenth ... |
23,50 € This book focuses on the period stretching from the end of the 11th century to the first half of the 14th century, exploring the urban universe. |
... By the central and later medieval periods, autonomous medieval communes formed across northern and central Italy including in Siena and Arezzo near the ... |
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