2) Legal causation: the defendant's act must be an operative and substantial cause of the consequence. His act need not be the sole cause, but must make a ...

⇒ Causation in law can be established by showing that the defendant's act was an 'operating and substantial' cause of the consequence and that there was no ...

24 апр. 2024 г. · Causation is a question of fact. There can be more than one cause of the injury suffered by the victim.

The substantial cause test for causation asks whether the act of the accused is a substantial and operating cause of death. ... legal reasoning in the case law ...

21 сент. 2021 г. · Legal causation requires proof that the defendant's conduct was sufficiently connected to its occurrence. [3] It could be merely established if ...

R v Smith - If at the time of death the original wound is still an operating cause and substantial cause, then the death is attributed to it. ... Causation ...

Causation is the "causal relationship between the defendant's conduct and end result". In other words, causation provides a means of connecting conduct with ... Background concepts · Establishing legal causation

The 'substantial and operating cause' is a concept used to establish causation in criminal law. It refers to the idea that the defendant's actions must have ...

19 мар. 2018 г. · For an accused's conduct to have "caused" a result, it must have "contributed significantly" to that result, or been a "substantial and ...

Many events have multiple causes. They may operate consecutively or at the same time. Some courts favour for a “substantial cause” or “substantial effective ...